Category: Meteorology

Snow is a type of precipitation that falls from the atmosphere in the form of ice crystals. It is a common occurrence in colder regions around the world, and its formation and characteristics are closely studied by meteorologists.

Sleet is a type of wintry precipitation that falls in the form of ice pellets. It is often confused with freezing rain, but the two are different phenomena with distinct characteristics. Understanding the science behind sleet can help us better prepare for winter weather events.

A Thermo-Hygrograph is a meteorological instrument that measures temperature and humidity over time. It is commonly used in research and monitoring weather patterns.

A slush is a mixture of snow and rain, typically found in the early stages of a winter storm. This precipitation type can have significant impacts on roadways and transportation, making it important for meteorologists to accurately forecast its timing and intensity.

Thermodynamic diagrams are graphical representations of atmospheric conditions used in meteorology. They are a crucial tool for weather forecasters because they allow visualization of complex data such as temperature, humidity, and pressure. These diagrams help meteorologists to characterize the atmosphere and identify atmospheric instability, which is critical for predicting severe weather events such as thunderstorms…

Skywarn is a volunteer program that educates and trains individuals to report severe weather events to the National Weather Service.

Thermal refers to the transfer of heat energy either through radiation, conduction or convection. It plays a crucial role in meteorology as it affects atmospheric stability, cloud formation and precipitation.

A skipping tornado is a rare phenomenon that occurs when a tornado briefly touches down, lifts off the ground, and then touches down again. This erratic behavior can make it difficult for forecasters to predict the path of the tornado, making it a dangerous and unpredictable weather event. Understanding the mechanics behind skipping tornadoes is…

A thermal wind is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when there is a horizontal temperature gradient in the atmosphere. It results in the creation of a wind that blows parallel to the temperature gradient, rather than perpendicular to it like most winds. This can have important implications for weather patterns and forecasting.

A Skew-T Log-P diagram is a tool used by meteorologists to analyze the vertical profile of the atmosphere. It provides a visual representation of temperature, dewpoint, and pressure data, which is essential for forecasting weather conditions.

A Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is a detailed meteorological report used in aviation to predict weather conditions at an airport.

A sky is a dynamic, ever-changing atmospheric phenomenon that can reveal a wealth of information about the weather conditions and climate patterns of a particular region. With its swirling clouds, shifting colors, and dramatic shifts in temperature and pressure, the sky is a fascinating subject for meteorologists and weather enthusiasts alike. This article will explore…

A Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) is a highly advanced weather monitoring system used to track the movement of storms and predict their impact on aviation operations. Developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), this technology is used to protect the safety of aircraft and passengers during takeoff and landing.

A tephigram is a powerful meteorological tool used to plot and analyze atmospheric data.

A temperature inversion is a weather phenomenon that occurs when warm air traps cooler air near the surface, causing a layer of warm air to sit on top of cooler air. This can lead to air pollution and hazardous conditions for those with respiratory issues.

A single cell thunderstorm is a relatively small and short-lived thunderstorm that typically lasts only an hour or so, yet still packs a punch in terms of precipitation and lightning strikes. These storms typically form in warm and humid environments and are often the result of localized convection. Understanding the dynamics of these storms is…

A Sirocco is a hot, dry, and dusty wind that blows from North Africa across the Mediterranean Sea. It is a famous meteorological phenomenon that has been documented for centuries and can have a significant impact on the environment and people in affected areas. In this article, we will explore the characteristics and effects of…

A tail cloud is a type of cloud formation that appears at the rear of a thunderstorm or a supercell storm. It is often associated with strong winds and heavy rain. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of tail clouds and their significance in meteorology.

Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance, usually measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.

A temperature gradient refers to the change in temperature over a distance. This phenomenon plays a critical role in meteorology, as it drives many weather patterns and helps forecasters predict future conditions. Understanding temperature gradients is essential for anyone interested in understanding the science behind weather patterns and climate change.

A rotation refers to the spinning of a planet or other celestial body on its axis. This fundamental meteorological phenomenon plays a crucial role in determining weather patterns and climate conditions across the globe. Understanding rotations is important for meteorologists and climatologists in predicting and analyzing atmospheric phenomena.

A simoom is a hot, dry, and suffocating wind that blows across the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa. This meteorological phenomenon can cause dehydration, heat stroke, and even death for those caught in its path. Understanding simooms is crucial for protecting human life in these regions.

A significant level in meteorology refers to the probability of an event occurring by chance. It is a crucial measure used in weather forecasting and climate modeling. Understanding this concept is essential for accurate predictions and decision-making.

A shower is a brief period of precipitation that typically lasts for less than an hour. It is a common meteorological term used to describe light rain or snowfall that occurs over a limited area. Showers often result from the interaction of moist air with a frontal system or other atmospheric disturbance. They can vary…

A SIGMET is a meteorological advisory that alerts pilots to significant weather conditions that can threaten flight safety. It provides information about hazardous weather phenomena, such as severe turbulence, thunderstorms, and volcanic ash clouds. Pilots are required to heed the advice provided in a SIGMET and adjust their flight path accordingly.

The Rossby number is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the relative importance of inertial forces and Coriolis forces in a fluid flow. It is a fundamental concept in atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, with important implications for weather and climate prediction. Understanding the Rossby number can help us better predict the behavior of large-scale geophysical flows…

A Rossby wave is a large-scale atmospheric wave that moves slowly westward in the upper atmosphere. This wave is responsible for many of the weather patterns that occur in the mid-latitudes, including the formation of high and low-pressure systems. Understanding Rossby waves is crucial for meteorologists who want to predict weather patterns accurately.

A rogue wave is a large, unexpected and dangerous ocean wave that arises suddenly in open water. These waves are rare, but can cause significant damage to ships and coastal areas.

A short wave is a meteorology term used to describe a disturbance in the atmosphere that typically brings changes in weather conditions.

A roll cloud is a low-level, horizontal tube-shaped cloud formation that appears to roll about a horizontal axis. It is typically associated with thunderstorms and can be a sign of a change in weather conditions. Roll clouds are a fascinating meteorological phenomenon that can be both beautiful and intimidating.

A shelf cloud is a low-level, horizontal cloud formation often associated with thunderstorms. It appears like a shelf extending from the base of the thunderstorm and can indicate strong winds and potential severe weather.

Rime is a type of frost that forms on surfaces in cold and humid conditions. It is an important phenomenon in meteorology as it can impact weather forecasting and aviation safety. Understanding the science behind rime formation is key to predicting its occurrence and mitigating its effects.

Sheet lightning is a type of lightning that illuminates the sky without a visible bolt. It is caused by distant lightning reflecting off clouds.

A rocketsonde is a meteorological instrument that collects data on atmospheric conditions from the upper atmosphere. It is launched using a rocket and can provide valuable information on temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed. This article delves into the intricacies of rocketsondes and how they are used in weather forecasting and research.

A Rho_hv is a key parameter in dual-polarization radar technology used in meteorology. It measures the correlation coefficient between the horizontal and vertical components of radar signals, aiding in accurate precipitation identification and classification.

A sferics is a type of atmospheric measurement that detects electromagnetic pulses produced by lightning. These pulses can be used to track the location and intensity of thunderstorms, and also provide valuable data for meteorological research.

A ridge is a meteorological term used to describe an elongated area of high pressure that can influence weather patterns over a region. It is characterized by a dome-like shape and can result in clear skies and dry conditions.

A shade temperature is the temperature measured in a shaded area, away from direct sunlight. This measure provides a more accurate representation of the ambient temperature, as direct sunlight can greatly affect the temperature in a given area. Shade temperatures are important in meteorology, as they help to provide a more accurate understanding of local…

A severe thunderstorm is a weather phenomenon characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and lightning that can cause damage to property and people.

Retrogression is a meteorological term that refers to the westward movement of a weather system, contrary to the normal eastward progression. This phenomenon can have significant impacts on weather patterns and requires careful monitoring and analysis by meteorologists.

What Is a Sensible Temperature? Sensible temperature refers to the temperature that is felt by the human body, taking into account factors such as air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. It is an important factor in assessing the comfort level of individuals and determining the risk of heat-related illnesses.

Reshabar is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs in the Middle East and contributes significantly to the region’s weather patterns. This complex system involves the interaction between high-pressure systems that develop over the Arabian Peninsula and low-pressure systems that develop over the Mediterranean Sea, leading to strong winds and sandstorms. Understanding Reshabar is essential for predicting…

Severe weather refers to any extreme atmospheric conditions that can cause significant harm to life and property. It encompasses a broad range of weather phenomena, including thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards, and floods. Severe weather can result in power outages, transportation disruptions, property damage, and loss of life. Understanding the types of severe weather and how…

Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount that would be present if the air were fully saturated. It is an important factor in determining the comfort level of a given environment, as well as the potential for precipitation and other weather phenomena. Understanding…

A seiche is a standing wave oscillation that occurs in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water. This natural phenomenon is caused by a combination of wind, temperature, and pressure changes, and can lead to dangerous conditions for boats and other vessels. Understanding seiches is important for those who work or play on the…

Remote sensing is the science of gathering information from a distance using various devices, such as satellites and aircraft. In meteorology, it is used to monitor weather patterns and track severe weather events, like hurricanes and tornadoes. This technology has revolutionized the way we understand and predict weather, providing real-time data that is critical for…

What Is Sensible Heat? Sensible heat is the heat that can be felt and measured by a thermometer. It refers to the energy transfer that occurs when there is a temperature difference between two objects or substances in contact with one another. This is an important concept in meteorology, as it helps to explain how…

A Rear Flank Downdraft (RFD) is a meteorological term used to describe a storm’s downdraft that typically forms at the back or rear of supercell thunderstorms. This downdraft is often associated with strong, gusty winds and can be a significant hazard to aviation, power lines, and other infrastructure. Understanding the dynamics of RFDs is crucial…

A season is a period of the year marked by distinct weather patterns and daylight hours, determined by the Earth’s axial tilt and revolution around the sun.

A regional forecast is a detailed weather prediction for a specific geographic area. It takes into account local climate patterns, topography, and other factors to provide accurate and reliable information. Regional forecasts are essential for planning outdoor activities, agricultural operations, and other weather-dependent endeavors.

A secular trend in meteorology refers to a long-term, gradual shift in weather patterns or climate conditions. These trends can have significant impacts on the environment, agriculture, and human populations. Understanding and monitoring these trends is crucial for effective planning and management of resources.

A rawinsonde is a meteorological instrument that measures temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed and direction in the upper atmosphere. This data is crucial for weather forecasting and aviation safety.

A sea state is a term used in meteorology to describe the condition of the ocean’s surface. It’s determined by various factors such as wind speed, direction, and duration, as well as wave height, length, and period. Understanding sea state is crucial for maritime safety, navigation, and weather forecasting.

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the temperature of the top layer of water in the ocean. This measure is an important indicator of weather and climate patterns. Accurate measurements of sea surface temperature are critical for predicting weather conditions, tracking ocean currents, and understanding global climate change.

Ravine Wind: A Meteorological Phenomenon Ravine wind, also known as gap wind, is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when strong winds blow through a gap or ravine in a mountain range. These winds can be sudden, powerful, and unpredictable, posing a significant threat to aviation, shipping, and land-based activities. In this article, we’ll explore the…

Sea spray is a mixture of saltwater droplets, air, and ocean particles that are produced when waves crash onto shore. This phenomenon can have significant impacts on weather and climate patterns, as well as coastal ecosystems.

A sea breeze is a cooling wind that blows from the sea towards the land, caused by temperature differences between the land and sea. It is a common meteorological phenomenon that can have significant effects on local weather patterns.

Rapid Intensification: A Weather Phenomenon Rapid intensification refers to a sudden and significant increase in the strength of a tropical cyclone, often in a matter of hours. It is a weather phenomenon that can have disastrous consequences, making it a topic of interest among meteorologists and researchers. Rapid intensification can be influenced by several factors,…

A Scud is a low, ragged cloud formation that can signal the approach of a thunderstorm or other severe weather event. Meteorologists use these clouds as a visual indicator of changing weather patterns, and they can help forecasters predict potential risks to people and property. Understanding how to identify and read Scuds can be an…

A rain shower is a type of precipitation that lasts for a short period of time and is characterized by a sudden onset and cessation of rain. It is caused by a brief burst of rainfall from a cumulus cloud, typically accompanied by gusty winds and a drop in temperature. While rain showers can be…

Scavenging is the process of removing pollutants and particles from the atmosphere through precipitation. This process plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health of the environment and air quality.

A rain shadow is a dry region on the leeward side of a mountain range that receives less precipitation than the windward side. This is due to the lifting of moist air by the mountains, causing it to cool and release its moisture as precipitation on the windward side, leaving dry air to descend on…

A scarf cloud is a type of cloud formation that resembles a narrow band or strip of clouds. It is often seen on the lee side of a mountain range or a large hill. This type of cloud is formed when moist air is forced upward by the topography, and the cloud forms on the…

A rain of animals is a rare meteorological phenomenon where creatures fall from the sky. Theories abound, but the true cause remains a mystery.

Saturation vapor pressure is the maximum amount of water vapor that can exist in the air at a given temperature.

A saturated adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which an air parcel cools as it rises while being saturated with water vapor. This rate is lower than the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

A rain gauge is a meteorological tool that is used to measure the amount of precipitation in a given area over a specific time period.

A saturated adiabat is a line on a thermodynamic chart that represents the temperature and moisture content of rising air. As the air rises, it cools and eventually reaches its dew point, causing condensation and saturation. The saturated adiabat is important in meteorology for understanding cloud formation and precipitation processes.

Rain and snow mixed, also known as sleet, is a weather phenomenon that occurs when snowflakes partially melt as they fall through warmer layers of air and then refreeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground.

A rainy season is a weather phenomenon characterized by an extended period of consistent rainfall in a particular region. This article explores the causes, effects, and patterns of rainy seasons around the world.

A satellite tornado is a smaller, weaker tornado that rotates around a larger, more intense tornado. These tornadoes are often difficult to detect and can cause additional damage to areas already affected by the main tornado. Understanding the behavior of satellite tornadoes is important for predicting and mitigating tornado damage.

A raindrop size distribution (DSD) is a statistical representation of the distribution of raindrop sizes within a given area. The DSD provides crucial information for understanding precipitation processes and improving weather forecasting models.

Satellite sounding is a technique used in meteorology to measure temperature, moisture and other atmospheric parameters.

A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon caused by reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets. It is a beautiful sight and has been the subject of myths and legends throughout history.

A sastrugi is a meteorology related term that refers to sharp, irregular ridges of snow formed by the wind.

A rainband is a long, narrow, and curved band of clouds that forms around the center of a low-pressure system. These bands can bring heavy rainfall and strong winds to areas in their path. Understanding the formation and movement of rainbands is crucial for predicting and preparing for severe weather events.

A sandstorm is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when strong winds lift and carry large volumes of sand and dust. These storms can have devastating effects on the environment and human health, and are more likely to occur in arid or desert regions.

Rain is a meteorological phenomenon that involves the water droplets falling from the atmosphere to the ground. It is caused by the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere, which forms clouds that eventually release the water droplets.

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale categorizes hurricanes based on their wind speed and potential damage.

The Radius of Maximum Wind (RMW) is a crucial parameter in forecasting tropical cyclones. It is the distance from the center of the storm to the location where the maximum sustained winds are observed. Understanding the RMW can help meteorologists provide more accurate forecasts of the strength and potential impacts of a tropical cyclone.

A saddle point is a meteorology term used to describe a location in the atmosphere where the pressure gradient is zero. This can lead to stagnant air and potentially hazardous weather conditions.

A Radiosonde is a meteorological instrument that measures atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind direction and speed. It is used to obtain data from the upper levels of the atmosphere, which helps in weather forecasting and monitoring the earth’s climate.

The ozone layer is a region in Earth’s stratosphere that contains high levels of ozone. It plays a critical role in protecting life on our planet from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. However, human activities have led to the depletion of this protective layer, resulting in the increased incidence of skin cancer…

Radiation fog is a type of fog that forms due to radiation cooling of the ground and nearby air. It can have significant impacts on transportation and aviation industries, often resulting in delays and cancellations. Understanding its formation and characteristics is crucial for effective forecasting and management.

Ozone depletion is the gradual thinning of the ozone layer in the Earth’s atmosphere. This is caused by human-made chemicals, like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that break down ozone molecules. The ozone layer protects us from harmful UV radiation from the sun, so its depletion is a serious environmental issue.

A radar wind is a term used to describe the measurement of wind speed and direction using radar technology. It is a crucial tool in meteorology for predicting weather patterns and forecasting severe weather events. The technology behind radar wind measurements has advanced significantly over the years, resulting in more accurate and reliable data for…

An outflow jet is a fast-moving, high-altitude stream of air that spreads out from a thunderstorm or other convective system. This phenomenon can have significant impacts on weather patterns and can be studied using satellite imagery and other meteorological tools. Understanding outflow jets is an important part of forecasting severe weather events.

Radar meteorology is a technique used to study weather patterns by detecting and analyzing the distribution of precipitation and other atmospheric phenomena. It provides valuable information for predicting severe weather events and improving weather forecasting accuracy.

An outflow boundary is a meteorological term used to describe a boundary that separates air masses with different properties. It is often associated with thunderstorms and can influence weather patterns in a region. Understanding outflow boundaries is important for forecasting severe weather events.

Radar imaging is a crucial tool in meteorology. It helps to accurately predict weather patterns, track storms and monitor precipitation levels. With this technology, meteorologists can provide timely and reliable weather forecasts to the public.

Outflows are a natural phenomenon in meteorology, referring to the horizontal movement of air away from a central point. They can be caused by a variety of weather events and can have significant impacts on local weather conditions. Understanding outflows is essential for forecasting and predicting weather patterns.

A radar echo is a fundamental concept in meteorology that refers to the reflection of electromagnetic waves by various objects in the atmosphere, such as precipitation, clouds, and even insects. The strength and shape of the echo provide valuable information about the size, intensity, and location of weather systems, making it an essential tool for…

An overshooting top is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when the top of a thunderstorm penetrates the tropopause, causing a hole in the ozone layer. This can lead to severe weather conditions and is closely monitored by weather forecasters.

A quasi-stationary front is a weather phenomenon that occurs when a cold front or warm front becomes nearly stationary. This can lead to prolonged periods of precipitation and unstable weather patterns, making it a crucial concept in meteorology. In this article, we will explore what a quasi-stationary front is, how it forms, and its impact…

An overrunning occurs when warm air rises over cold air, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. This phenomenon is common in winter weather systems and can lead to significant snowfall or freezing rain. Understanding overrunning is crucial for predicting and preparing for winter storms.

A Quasi-Linear Convective System (QLCS) is a type of thunderstorm complex that is long and narrow in shape. It forms along a boundary between warm and cold air masses, and can produce strong winds, heavy rain, and sometimes tornadoes. Understanding QLCSs is important for meteorologists to accurately predict severe weather events.

An overcast occurs when clouds cover the entire sky, blocking out the sun’s rays. It typically indicates a period of low visibility and potential precipitation.

Quasi-Geostrophic Theory is an essential tool for meteorologists to understand weather patterns. It is based on the laws of fluid mechanics and helps in predicting the movement of air masses.

Orographic precipitation is a type of rainfall that occurs when air is forced to rise due to a mountain or hill. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, resulting in precipitation on the windward side of the slope. This process can lead to significant rainfall amounts and is an important factor in regional climate…

Quasi-geostrophic motion is a fundamental concept in meteorology, describing the large-scale, slow-moving patterns of the atmosphere. Understanding this motion is crucial for predicting weather patterns and climate change.

Orographic lift is a meteorological term that describes how mountainous terrain can affect the flow of air and create weather patterns.

Orographic clouds form when moist air is forced to rise up and over mountains, leading to cooling and condensation.

The Quasi-Geostrophic Approximation (QGA) is a widely used method in meteorology to analyze and predict atmospheric dynamics. It is based on the assumption that atmospheric motions are slow compared to the Earth’s rotation, and that the Coriolis force dominates over other forces. QGA provides a simplified but accurate representation of the atmosphere’s behavior, and it…

Opacity refers to the degree to which light is prevented from passing through an object. In the context of meteorology, opacity is often used to describe the extent to which clouds or atmospheric gases obstruct the transmission of solar radiation. This can have significant implications for climate and weather patterns, and is an important factor…

The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is a climate phenomenon that occurs in the tropical stratosphere, affecting wind patterns and atmospheric circulation. Understanding this oscillation is key to predicting long-term weather patterns and climate change.

Onshore wind refers to wind that blows from the sea towards the land, and is a common weather phenomenon that affects coastal regions around the world. This type of wind can have a significant impact on local weather patterns, including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Understanding the characteristics of onshore wind is important for meteorologists and…

A Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) is a prediction of the amount of precipitation expected in a specific area over a certain period. It is a crucial tool used by meteorologists to prepare for potentially hazardous weather conditions.

The Omega Equation is a fundamental tool used by meteorologists to understand atmospheric motion and predict weather patterns.

Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) measures rainfall by calculating the amount of water that falls over a given area within a specified time. This article explores the science behind QPE and its importance in weather forecasting.

Okta is a meteorology term used to measure cloud cover. It represents one-eighth of the sky.

A Q vector is a meteorological term used to measure the rate of change of the horizontal wind speed and direction. It is a valuable tool for forecasting weather patterns and understanding the dynamics of atmospheric circulation.

Offshore wind is the generation of electricity from wind turbines located in bodies of water, typically in the ocean.

Offshore currents are ocean currents that flow away from the shore, towards the open sea. They are influenced by various factors such as wind, tides, and water temperature. These currents can have a significant impact on weather patterns and marine ecosystems. Understanding the behavior of offshore currents is essential for predicting weather and sea conditions,…

A pyrheliometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the direct solar irradiance, or the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface. It is commonly used in meteorology and climate research to study the Earth’s energy balance and the impact of solar radiation on temperature and weather patterns. The device consists of a…

An oceanic climate is characterized by mild temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall due to the influence of nearby oceans.

A pyrgeometer is a device used to measure longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere. It plays a key role in meteorology and climate research.

An ocean current is a continuous directed movement of seawater that flows in a specific direction. Currents are influenced by factors such as wind, temperature, and saltiness. Understanding ocean currents is vital for meteorology and marine life.

An occluded front occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front, forcing the warm air to rise and creating precipitation.

A pyranometer is a device used to measure the amount of solar radiation received on a horizontal surface. It is an essential instrument in meteorology and solar energy applications, providing accurate data on radiation levels for forecasting and monitoring purposes. The instrument works by detecting the amount of radiation that reaches its surface, converting it…

Obscuring phenomena are weather conditions that impair visibility. Learn about the different types of obscuring phenomena and their effects on travel and safety.

A pulse storm is a type of thunderstorm that develops suddenly and rapidly, characterized by a brief period of intense rainfall and lightning activity. These storms are often brief, but can produce severe weather conditions, including hail, strong winds, and even tornadoes. Understanding the dynamics of pulse storms is important for meteorologists and emergency management…

A numerical weather prediction is a mathematical model used to forecast weather conditions. It involves complex calculations based on various atmospheric and meteorological data to generate forecast models. These models allow meteorologists to predict weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direction, with accuracy and precision. The use of numerical weather prediction has…

A pulse-Doppler radar is a valuable tool for meteorologists. It uses pulses of energy and the Doppler effect to detect and track weather patterns.

Nowcasting is a meteorological technique that involves predicting weather patterns in the short-term. It utilizes real-time data and advanced forecasting models to provide accurate weather forecasts for the next few hours. This technique is especially useful for predicting severe weather events, such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, and flash floods, which can have a significant impact on…

Psychrometrics is a field of study in meteorology that deals with the properties of air and water vapor mixtures, and how they interact with each other. It is important in understanding the behavior of air conditioning systems and the indoor environment.

The Novaya Zemlya Effect is a meteorological phenomenon that causes the sun to appear to rise earlier or set later than it should. This effect is caused by the refraction of sunlight through layers of cold air close to the surface of the earth. The effect is most commonly seen at high latitudes and can…

A psychrometer is a meteorological instrument used to measure relative humidity in the atmosphere. It consists of two thermometers, one with a wet bulb and one with a dry bulb, which are used to calculate the difference in temperature and determine the relative humidity. This device is commonly used by meteorologists and weather forecasters to…

What Are Northern Lights? Northern Lights, also known as Aurora Borealis, are a natural light display in the sky that occur in high latitude regions. The phenomenon is caused by the interaction between charged particles from the sun and the Earth’s magnetic field. The resulting colorful and dynamic display is a popular tourist attraction in…

Prevailing winds are the dominant winds that blow consistently over a particular region or area. Understanding these winds is crucial for predicting weather patterns and climate changes.

What Is a / Are “Normal” Meteorologists use “normal” to describe expected weather patterns based on historical data.

A pressure system refers to an area of the Earth’s atmosphere where the air pressure is either higher or lower than the surrounding areas. These systems play a crucial role in determining weather patterns and are closely studied by meteorologists.

A nor’west arch is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs in certain areas of the world during specific weather conditions. This type of arch is often associated with strong winds, high pressure systems, and cold temperatures. Understanding this weather phenomenon is important for meteorologists, pilots, and outdoor enthusiasts alike.

The Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) is an essential concept in meteorology, describing the relationship between atmospheric pressure and the horizontal pressure gradient. It drives winds and influences weather patterns, making it a crucial factor for understanding and forecasting the weather.

A Nor’easter is a powerful storm that forms along the East Coast of North America, bringing strong winds, heavy precipitation, and coastal flooding. These storms typically occur during the winter months and can cause significant damage to infrastructure and property. Understanding the formation and behavior of Nor’easters is crucial for emergency managers and residents in…

A pressure gradient refers to the change in atmospheric pressure over a given distance. It plays a key role in the movement of air and weather patterns.

A nonadiabatic process is a phenomenon in which heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings. Understanding it is crucial in meteorology.

Precipitation is the process by which atmospheric water vapor condenses and falls to the Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. Understanding precipitation is crucial for meteorologists and scientists studying the Earth’s water cycle.

Noctilucent clouds are a rare type of cloud that can only be seen at night. These clouds form high in the atmosphere, around 50 miles above the Earth’s surface. They are made up of tiny ice crystals and are usually only visible during the summer months in the polar regions. Noctilucent clouds have become more…

Precipitable water is the amount of water in a specific column of the atmosphere that would be produced if all the water vapor in that column were to condense into precipitation. It is an important parameter in meteorology as it helps in forecasting and understanding weather patterns, especially relating to the occurrence of rainfall and…

A nimbostratus (Ns) is a low-level cloud that often produces steady precipitation. It is typically gray in color and can cover the entire sky, making it a common sight on rainy days. Understanding this cloud type is important for meteorologists and weather forecasters in predicting and tracking rainfall patterns.

A power flash is a brief, bright light that occurs when an electrical power interruption causes a spark to jump between two conductors. It can be a sign of a serious electrical problem and should be investigated immediately.

A NEXRAD, or Next Generation Radar, is a sophisticated radar system used in meteorology to detect weather patterns and forecast severe weather events.

Potential Vorticity is a meteorology-related term that refers to the conservation of a quantity of fluid in the atmosphere called potential vorticity. This quantity is a measure of the rotation and tilting of air parcels in the atmosphere and is related to the strength and position of weather systems. Understanding potential vorticity is essential for…

A nephoscope is a meteorological instrument used to observe and measure the movement of clouds. It helps meteorologists to predict weather patterns and storm systems.

Potential temperature (θ) is a fundamental concept in meteorology, describing the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were brought to a reference pressure level without changing its moisture content.

Nephology is the study of clouds, their formation, and classification. It is a crucial part of meteorology and helps in weather prediction. The discipline involves observing and analyzing different cloud patterns and their impact on weather patterns. Understanding nephology is essential for pilots, sailors, and other professionals who work outdoors. Clouds are a fascinating natural…

The polar vortex is a weather phenomenon that occurs in the winter months. It is a large area of low pressure and cold air that surrounds both of the Earth’s poles. This vortex can weaken or strengthen, leading to changes in temperature and weather patterns across the planet. Understanding the polar vortex is crucial for…

A nephelometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the concentration of suspended particles in the atmosphere, such as dust or smoke. It is commonly used in meteorology to study air pollution and visibility.

A Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) is an uncommon cloud type that forms in the stratosphere of the polar regions. These clouds can have harmful effects on the ozone layer and contribute to the formation of the infamous Antarctic ozone hole. Understanding PSCs is crucial for monitoring and mitigating their impact on the Earth’s atmosphere.

A negative tilt is a meteorological term that refers to the orientation of a weather system’s upper-level trough. This type of tilt is associated with the development of severe weather, including thunderstorms and tornadoes. In a negatively tilted trough, the axis of the trough is oriented from southwest to northeast, with the eastern end of…

A Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) is a type of cloud that forms in the upper atmosphere during summer months in the polar regions. These clouds are composed of ice crystals and are found at altitudes between 50 to 85 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. Despite their high altitude, these clouds can be seen from the…

Needle ice is a type of ice formation that occurs on cold, clear nights when the ground temperature drops below freezing. It is characterized by long, thin ice crystals that grow from the ground surface and point upward, resembling needles. Needle ice can be found in various environments, including grasslands, forests, and tundra regions, and…

A polar front is a boundary between polar air and warmer air. It is responsible for the formation of mid-latitude cyclones and often results in severe weather. Understanding the dynamics of the polar front is crucial for meteorologists in predicting future weather patterns.

A neap tide is a type of tide that occurs twice a month, when the gravitational forces of the sun and moon are at right angles to each other. This results in a weaker tidal range, making it easier to navigate shallow waters. Understanding neap tides is important for fishermen, sailors, and anyone who spends…

A polar low is a weather phenomenon that occurs in polar regions, characterized by a small, intense low-pressure system with strong winds and heavy snowfall.

The National Weather Service (NWS) is a federal agency responsible for providing weather forecasts, warnings, and other weather-related information to the public.

A polar high is a large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern that forms in high latitudes during winter. It is characterized by a large, high-pressure cell that develops over land or sea ice, bringing clear, cold weather to the region. The polar high can affect weather patterns and air travel, and is an important aspect of climate…

A Pilot Report (PIREP) is a crucial tool for meteorologists to understand current weather conditions in the atmosphere. These reports are typically submitted by pilots who are experiencing turbulence, icing, or other weather-related issues while in flight. By collecting and analyzing PIREPs, meteorologists can provide more accurate weather forecasts and warnings, ultimately improving safety for…

What Is a Pilot Balloon? A pilot balloon is a meteorological instrument used to measure wind speed and direction at high altitudes. It consists of a small helium-filled balloon that is released into the air and tracked by radar or visual observation. The data collected by a pilot balloon is used to forecast weather patterns…

A pileus is a cloud formation that sits atop a cumulus or thundercloud. It’s often referred to as a “cap cloud” and can indicate atmospheric instability.

Phi_DP (ΦDP) is a meteorological term used to describe the difference between the horizontal and vertical polarizations of radar signals.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a US government agency responsible for monitoring and predicting weather, climate, and oceanic conditions.

Physical meteorology is the study of physical processes that govern the behavior of the Earth’s atmosphere. It connects atmospheric science with physics, chemistry, and mathematics to understand the fundamental principles behind atmospheric phenomena. The study of physical meteorology has contributed to the development of weather forecasting and climate models. It helps us to understand the…

Photometeors are atmospheric optical effects that occur when sunlight interacts with particles in the air. These phenomena, such as rainbows, halos, and sundogs, are not only fascinating to observe but also provide valuable insights into the composition and behavior of our planet’s atmosphere. Understanding photometeors can help us better predict weather patterns and study climate…

Permafrost is a layer of frozen soil that exists year-round in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. This layer can range from a few inches to several feet thick and can have a significant impact on the environment and climate.

A perlucidus is a cloud formation that appears as a layer of clouds with breaks or holes, allowing sunlight to shine through. It is often associated with altocumulus or cirrocumulus clouds and can be a sign of impending weather changes. Understanding the perlucidus cloud formation is important for meteorologists and those studying weather patterns to…

What Is a Nacreous Cloud? Nacreous clouds, also known as polar stratospheric clouds, are a rare and stunning meteorological phenomenon that occur in the upper atmosphere. These clouds form at extremely high altitudes, typically between 15 and 25 kilometers, and are composed of ice crystals that reflect and refract sunlight. The unique colors and patterns…

A period of record is a specific time frame used to compile and analyze meteorological data. It is an important tool for understanding climate trends and making accurate weather predictions.

A pentad refers to a period of five consecutive days used in meteorology to analyze climate and weather patterns. It is commonly used to study rainfall patterns and drought conditions in a particular region. By analyzing pentad data, meteorologists can provide more accurate forecasts and predict long-term climate trends.

A murus is a common term in meteorology to describe a wall of clouds that often precedes severe weather events.

A mudflow is a type of landslide that involves the movement of water-saturated soil, rocks, and other debris down a slope. This article will explore the causes, characteristics, and impacts of mudflows, as well as strategies for mitigating their effects.

Pedestal clouds are unique weather phenomena that often accompany severe thunderstorms. These clouds form as a result of rising air currents that push a layer of cool, moist air upward, creating a distinct pedestal shape. Understanding the formation and behavior of pedestal clouds is important for meteorologists who study severe weather patterns and issue warnings…

A Morning Glory Cloud is a rare meteorological phenomenon that occurs in northern Australia during the spring and fall seasons. It is a long, tubular-shaped cloud that can stretch for hundreds of kilometers and moves at a steady pace. The cloud is caused by a unique combination of conditions, including warm, moist air rising from…

The Pearson Scale is a statistical measure used in meteorology to determine the correlation between two variables. It is named after its creator, Karl Pearson, and is widely used in weather forecasting and climate research. The scale ranges from -1 to +1, with a value of -1 indicating a perfectly negative correlation, a value of…

A monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings heavy rainfall to a region. It is a key feature of the climatic pattern in many parts of the world.

Pascal’s Law is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics that states pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. This law has important implications in meteorology, particularly in the study of atmospheric pressure and weather patterns. Understanding Pascal’s Law is crucial for interpreting and predicting changes in atmospheric pressure, and ultimately,…

A Pascal (Pa) is a unit used to measure pressure in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal. One Pascal is defined as the pressure exerted by a force of one newton per square meter.

Moisture refers to the water content in the atmosphere, which plays a crucial role in weather and climate patterns.

A multiple-vortex tornado is a type of tornado that contains two or more smaller vortices that rotate around the main vortex. These smaller vortices can cause more damage than a single vortex tornado due to their unpredictable movements. Understanding how multiple-vortex tornadoes form and behave can help improve tornado forecasting and warning systems.

A Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) represents an extreme weather event that poses a significant threat to life and property. In meteorology, a PDS watch or warning is issued when conditions are conducive to the development of dangerous storms, such as tornadoes, hailstorms, or severe thunderstorms. A PDS designation implies a heightened level of urgency and…

A multicellular thunderstorm is a complex storm system that can produce heavy rain, lightning, hail, and strong winds. It consists of multiple updrafts and downdrafts, which result in a longer lifespan compared to single-cell thunderstorms.

A parhelion is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by the appearance of two bright spots on either side of the sun. It is caused by the refraction and reflection of sunlight through ice crystals in the atmosphere.

A mountain-gap wind is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when air flows through a gap or pass in a mountain range. This wind can create significant weather conditions and have impacts on local climate.

A Pampero is a South American weather phenomenon that can result in drastic changes in temperature, wind speed, and precipitation. It is caused by the collision of cold polar air with warm tropical air, leading to intense thunderstorms and gusty winds. Understanding the behavior of Pampero is crucial for predicting severe weather events in the…

A pannus is a meteorological term used to describe a low-level cloud formation that appears as a ragged layer beneath a main cloud deck. Typically, pannus clouds are associated with precipitation and can signal a change in weather patterns. Understanding pannus formations is important for meteorologists and weather forecasters, as they can provide valuable information…

A mountain breeze is a localized wind system that occurs at night, where cool air from a mountain slope flows downslope into a valley. This phenomenon is caused by differences in temperature and pressure between the mountain and valley regions.

Pancake ice is a type of ice formation that occurs in the polar regions. It is characterized by circular or oval-shaped ice pieces that resemble pancakes and can be several meters in diameter. This phenomenon is caused by the interaction of wind and water currents, and its presence can greatly affect local weather patterns. Understanding…

Moisture convergence is a meteorological term used to describe the process by which moist air flows into a region, increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This can lead to the formation of clouds and precipitation, making it an important factor in weather forecasting. Understanding moisture convergence can help meteorologists predict how weather…

Moist adiabatic lapse rate: how moist air cools as it rises.

Pan evaporation measures the amount of water that evaporates from a pan placed in the open air. It is often used in meteorology to estimate potential evapotranspiration rates, which are important for agriculture and water management.

Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate conditions, using natural records such as tree rings, ice cores, and sediment layers. It provides valuable insights into how the Earth’s climate system has changed over time, and can help us better understand current and future climate trends.

A moist adiabat is a line that represents the temperature change of a parcel of moist air as it rises and cools adiabatically. It is an important concept in meteorology as it helps to predict changes in weather conditions.

The Modified Fujita Scale is a method of categorizing tornadoes based on their wind speeds and the damage they cause. It is an updated version of the original Fujita Scale, which was developed in 1971 by Dr. Tetsuya Fujita. The Modified Fujita Scale takes into account advancements in technology and engineering, and provides a more…

A mock sun, also known as a sun dog or parhelion, is a type of atmospheric optical phenomenon caused by the reflection and refraction of sunlight by ice crystals in the atmosphere. This creates a bright spot, similar in appearance to a second sun, that appears either to the left or right of the real…

The mixing ratio is a meteorology term that describes the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount of dry air. It is a crucial measurement for understanding weather patterns and forecasting conditions.

A mixed cloud is a type of cloud that consists of both water droplets and ice crystals. This unique combination of particles creates a distinct appearance and can be an indicator of changing weather conditions. Understanding mixed clouds is an essential skill for meteorologists and weather enthusiasts alike.

A misocyclone is a small-scale rotating thunderstorm that forms within a larger storm system. Despite their size, misocyclones can produce strong winds, hail, and even tornadoes. Understanding these weather formations is important for predicting severe weather and protecting public safety.

A mini-tornado, also known as a gustnado, is a small, short-lived whirlwind that can form during thunderstorms.

A mini-supercell is a small-scale version of a supercell thunderstorm, characterized by a rotating updraft. Despite their smaller size, they can still produce severe weather, including strong winds, hail, and tornadoes. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for accurate weather forecasting and preparation.

Microscale meteorology focuses on small-scale atmospheric processes, such as turbulence and air flow around buildings and other obstacles. These processes play a critical role in urban environments and can impact air quality, heat stress, and wind energy potential. Understanding microscale meteorology is important for improving weather forecasting, climate modeling, and urban planning.

A micronet is a network of weather sensors that provide high-resolution data for weather forecasting and research.

A lysimeter is a tool used to measure the water balance of a specific area or crop. It is essential in meteorology and agricultural studies to understand water usage and efficiency.

A microburst is a localized, strong downdraft with winds up to 160 mph that can cause significant damage to buildings and airplanes. It is a common weather phenomenon in thunderstorms and can be difficult to predict or detect. Understanding the science behind microbursts is crucial for aviation safety and severe weather forecasting.

A low-topped supercell (LT) is a type of thunderstorm that is characterized by a rotating updraft but with a relatively low cloud base. LTs are known to produce tornadoes, hail, and damaging winds. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics, formation, and how they differ from other types of supercells.

Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, including weather and climate. It involves the analysis of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, precipitation, and other atmospheric variables to forecast weather events and understand climate patterns. Meteorologists use advanced technology such as satellites, radar, and computer models to gather and analyze data. The field of…

A low-pressure area (L) is a meteorological term used to describe an area where the atmospheric pressure is lower than the surrounding areas. This can result in unstable weather conditions, including storms and precipitation. Understanding low-pressure systems is crucial for weather forecasting and disaster preparedness.

Météo-France: The National Meteorological Service of France. Providing high-quality weather forecasts, climate services and research.

A Low-Level Windshear Alert System (LLWAS) is a crucial tool used in aviation meteorology to detect sudden changes in wind speed and direction near the ground, which can pose a serious threat to aircraft during takeoff and landing. The system uses a network of sensors and data processors to monitor wind conditions in real-time and…

A METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report) is a standard format used by airports to report current weather conditions.

A low-level jet is a narrow stream of fast-moving air that forms at or below 2,000 meters above the ground. It is a common atmospheric feature that can have significant impacts on weather patterns, including the formation of severe thunderstorms, winter storms, and turbulent wind conditions. Understanding the behavior and characteristics of low-level jets is…

Mesovortexes are small-scale, rotating thunderstorms that develop within larger storms, often producing tornadoes. Understanding their behavior is important for storm forecasting and warning.

A Line Echo Wave Pattern (LEWP) is a weather radar signature that indicates the presence of strong convection and severe weather. It appears as a bow-shaped line on the radar display, with an area of intense reflectivity along the leading edge. The LEWP is often associated with damaging winds, large hail, and tornadoes, and can…

The mesosphere is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. It is characterized by its extremely low density and low atmospheric pressure. The mesosphere is also the coldest layer of the atmosphere, with temperatures reaching as low as -100°C. It is an important area for studying meteorology and atmospheric science, as…

A lightning strike is a natural electrical discharge caused by atmospheric conditions. It can be powerful and deadly, and its effects can be felt for miles around. Understanding the science behind lightning strikes is crucial for safety and preparedness.

Mesoscale meteorology studies weather phenomena that occur on scales ranging from a few kilometers to several hundred kilometers.

Lightning detection refers to the process of identifying and measuring lightning strikes using various technological methods. This article delves into the different types of lightning detection systems and their applications in meteorology.

A Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) is a small-scale cyclonic circulation that forms within a larger thunderstorm complex. It can cause heavy rainfall, strong winds, and even tornadoes. Understanding MCVs is important for forecasting severe weather events.

A Lightning Activity Level is a measure of lightning frequency within a specific area for a given time period. It is used by meteorologists to assess the likelihood of lightning strikes and the potential danger they pose.

A Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that covers an area of at least 100 km in any direction. It’s a common weather phenomenon that can cause heavy rainfall, strong winds, and hail. MCSs can also trigger flash floods and tornadoes, making them a serious concern for meteorologists and the general public.…

Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge caused by the buildup of electric charge in the atmosphere. It can be dangerous, but also fascinating to observe. Understanding its causes and effects is important for meteorologists and anyone interested in weather phenomena.

A Mesoscale Convective Discussion (MCD) alerts forecasters of potentially severe weather in a specific area, allowing for timely warnings.

A light pillar is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that occurs when light reflects off of ice crystals in the atmosphere. This creates a vertical column of light that appears to be extending upwards from the source of light, such as the sun or streetlights. The pillars can be seen in cold, clear weather conditions and…

A Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) is a type of thunderstorm system that can span hundreds of miles and last for many hours. It is characterized by a large area of organized convection, intense rainfall, and the potential for damaging winds and hail. MCCs can have significant impacts on weather patterns and can be challenging to…

The Lifted Index (LI) is a meteorological term used to measure the stability of the atmosphere. It is commonly used by meteorologists to predict severe weather, including thunderstorms and tornadoes. The LI measures the difference between the temperature of a parcel of air at its lifting point and its temperature at a higher altitude. This…

The Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) is an essential meteorological term that describes the height at which a parcel of air becomes saturated and clouds form. Understanding the LCL is critical for meteorologists and weather forecasters to predict weather patterns accurately.

A mesonet is a network of weather monitoring stations that provide high-resolution data for short-term forecasts and severe weather warnings.

What Is a Lidar? Lidar, short for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses light pulses to measure distance and create highly accurate digital models of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Lidar systems are widely used in meteorology for weather forecasting and climate research, as well as in other fields such…

A mesolow is a small, low-pressure system that forms within a larger storm system, and can have significant impacts on weather patterns. Understanding these complex weather phenomena is essential for meteorologists to accurately predict severe weather events.

A mesohigh is a weather phenomenon characterized by a small-scale high-pressure system that can last for several hours to a few days. It can have significant impacts on local weather patterns, including temperature, humidity, and wind direction. Understanding mesohighs is crucial for meteorologists to forecast accurate weather conditions.

The level of free convection (LFC) is a crucial concept in meteorology. It is the point in the atmosphere where a rising air parcel becomes warmer than its surroundings, allowing it to continue rising without any external influence. Understanding LFC is crucial for predicting thunderstorms, tornadoes, and other severe weather events.

A mesocyclone is a rotating thunderstorm updraft that is capable of producing tornadoes.

Lenticular clouds are a fascinating meteorological phenomenon that occurs in mountainous regions. These lens-shaped clouds are formed when moist air flows over mountain ranges and cools and condenses to form a series of stationary, smooth-edged clouds. Lenticular clouds are often mistaken for UFOs due to their distinctive shape and iridescent colors. These clouds can also…

Meridional circulation is a term used in meteorology to describe the north-south movement of air in the atmosphere. This circulation plays a crucial role in the global climate system, as it helps to transport heat and moisture from the equator to the poles, and vice versa. Understanding meridional circulation is therefore essential for predicting and…

A Length of Record in meteorology refers to the time period over which weather data has been collected and recorded for a given location. This data is used to analyze long-term climate trends and predict future weather patterns. A longer length of record generally provides more accurate and reliable information for forecasting and climate research.

Mass flow refers to the movement of a fluid through a defined area over a specific period. In meteorology, it is used to determine the amount of air moving through a certain region, which plays a crucial role in weather forecasting. Understanding mass flow helps meteorologists predict the path of storms and the movement of…

The lemon technique is a weather forecasting method that uses the shape of a lemon to predict cloud cover and precipitation. This technique is based on the idea that the shape of the lemon reflects the shape of the cloud cover, and the amount of juice inside the lemon represents the amount of precipitation. While…

A marine stratocumulus is a low-lying cloud formation that typically forms over ocean waters. These clouds are important in regulating the Earth’s climate and play a key role in the water cycle.

A lee wave is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs downwind of a mountain range, creating a series of atmospheric waves. These waves can have significant impacts on air traffic and weather conditions, making them an important area of study for meteorologists and pilots alike. Understanding the mechanics of lee waves can help us better predict…

Marine Cloud Brightening: A Promising Climate Intervention Technique

A lee trough is an important meteorological phenomenon that often leads to significant weather changes. In this article, we will discuss what a lee trough is, how it forms, and what implications it has for weather forecasting.

A marine climate is one that is influenced by the ocean’s temperature, humidity, and winds. It has a moderate temperature range and high humidity.

A layer cloud is a type of cloud that forms as a horizontal layer or sheet-like structure. These clouds are typically found at altitudes of 6,500 to 16,500 feet, and can cover large areas of the sky. Layer clouds can have a significant impact on weather patterns, as they can trap heat and moisture, influencing…

A manometer is a device used to measure pressure, commonly used in meteorology to measure air pressure. It works by comparing the pressure of a gas with the pressure of a liquid, typically mercury or water. This allows for accurate measurements of pressure, and is often used in weather forecasting and aviation.

A Law of Storms is a set of principles used in meteorology to predict the path and intensity of a storm, based on its location, speed, and pressure. Understanding this concept is crucial for weather forecasting, disaster preparedness, and risk management.

A MAFOR is a marine forecast that provides detailed information on weather, wind, wave and sea conditions for navigators at sea.

Latent heat flux plays a crucial role in the energy and water balance of the Earth’s surface. It is the transfer of heat energy that occurs when water evaporates from a surface, such as the ocean, and turns into water vapor. This process is important in understanding weather patterns and climate change.

Macrometeorology is the study of large-scale atmospheric systems that affect weather patterns and climate. This field of meteorology is concerned with the behavior of the atmosphere on a regional to global scale, including the interactions between air masses, ocean currents, and the land surface. By understanding macrometeorology, scientists can better predict long-term weather patterns and…

Latent heat is the amount of energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in state without a change in temperature. It plays a critical role in atmospheric processes such as cloud formation, precipitation, and storm development. Understanding latent heat is essential for meteorologists to accurately forecast weather patterns and severe events.

A macroburst is a type of severe weather phenomenon that can cause extensive damage in just a few minutes. These weather events are characterized by strong, straight-line winds that can reach speeds of up to 100 miles per hour or more. Unlike tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air, macrobursts are caused by downdrafts from…

A lapse rate refers to the rate at which atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.

A mackerel sky is a cloud formation that resembles the scales of a fish, commonly seen in the mid-latitudes. It is an indicator of changing weather conditions and can signify an approaching storm. Understanding this phenomenon can help predict weather patterns and improve safety measures for outdoor activities.

A landspout is a tornado that forms on the ground, rather than extending from a rotating supercell. Despite their smaller size, they can still cause significant damage.

A hypsometer is a tool used in meteorology to measure the height of an object by determining its distance from the observer’s eye level.

A landslide is a sudden movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope. It can be triggered by natural or human-induced factors. Understanding the different types of landslides and their causes is critical in assessing their impacts and preventing future occurrences.

Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the atmosphere. It is a common phenomenon in meteorology that affects weather instruments and materials used in construction. Understanding hygroscopy is important for maintaining accuracy in weather measurements and preserving building materials.

A landfall refers to the moment when a tropical cyclone, hurricane, or typhoon makes contact with land. It is a critical moment in storm tracking, as it can have significant impacts on coastal communities and infrastructure. The timing, location, and intensity of a storm’s landfall are closely monitored by meteorologists to aid in emergency preparedness…

A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure humidity in the air. It’s an important tool in meteorology and for monitoring indoor environments.

A land breeze is a type of wind that blows from land towards the sea at night. It is caused by the difference in temperature between land and water, and can have significant effects on coastal weather patterns. Understanding the mechanisms behind land breezes can help us better predict and prepare for local climate conditions.

Hydrostatic equilibrium is the balance between the pressure gradient force and gravity in a fluid. Learn more about this important concept in meteorology.

Laminar flow is a form of fluid motion in which the particles of a fluid move in parallel layers. This type of flow is characterized by a smooth and steady motion, without turbulence or mixing. It is commonly encountered in many natural and industrial processes, including air and water flow, blood circulation, and chemical reactions.…

The hydrosphere is the part of the Earth’s surface that is covered by water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. It plays a critical role in the Earth’s climate and weather patterns, as well as in supporting life on the planet. Understanding the hydrosphere is essential for meteorologists and other scientists who study the Earth’s…

Lake-effect snow is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when cold air moves over the comparatively warm waters of a lake, picking up moisture and causing heavy snowfall downwind of the lake. This article will explore the science behind lake-effect snow and its impact on weather patterns.

Hydrometeorology is the study of the interaction between the water cycle and meteorology, including precipitation, evaporation, and runoff.

Lagrangian equations are a set of mathematical equations used to describe the motion of fluid particles in meteorology.

A hydrometeor is a type of precipitation that includes water in any form — liquid or frozen — that falls from the atmosphere. It can include rain, snow, sleet, hail, and graupel. Understanding hydrometeors is crucial in meteorology because they affect weather patterns and climate conditions.

La Niña is a complex weather phenomenon that has significant impacts on global climate patterns, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation.

A huaico is a type of flash flood that occurs in the Andean region during the rainy season. It is caused by heavy rainfall that triggers the sudden release of water and sediment from steep slopes, resulting in a devastating mixture of mud, water, and rocks that can destroy everything in its path.

A LDR, or a Light Dependent Resistor, is a component widely used in meteorology to measure light intensity. It changes its resistance according to the amount of light it receives. This property makes it valuable in weather stations and instruments used to study atmospheric conditions.

What are Hurricane Hunters? Hurricane Hunters are pilots and crew members who fly into tropical storms and hurricanes to collect data for forecasting and research purposes. They gather important information about the storm’s location, intensity, and track, which can help forecasters predict its potential impact on land areas. These professionals are an integral part of…

The Köppen climate classification system is a widely-used method to categorize the world’s climates. Developed by German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in the late 19th century, the system is based on the concept of climate zones defined by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. The Köppen classification has evolved over time and is now used by scientists, policymakers,…

A hurricane is a powerful tropical cyclone that forms over warm ocean waters. It is characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.

A knot is a unit of speed used in navigation and meteorology, equal to one nautical mile per hour. It is commonly used in sea and air travel.

Humilis: A Low-Cloud Formation Humilis is a Latin term for “low” or “small,” and in meteorology, it refers to a type of cumulus cloud formation that is typically low and flat. These clouds are often associated with fair weather and are common in the summer months. Humilis clouds typically form due to rising warm air,…

Kinematics is the study of motion without reference to the cause of motion. In meteorology, kinematics is used to study atmospheric motion and the processes that drive weather phenomena such as storms, winds, and turbulence. Understanding kinematics is essential for forecasting and predicting weather events accurately.

The humidex is a measure of how hot it feels when combining temperature and humidity. Learn more about this meteorological term.

A Khamaseen is a hot, dry wind that blows across North Africa and the Middle East, typically occurring in the spring and summer months. This meteorological phenomenon can have significant impacts on human health and the environment, making it essential to understand and monitor its behavior.

Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. It plays a crucial role in weather and has significant impacts on human health and comfort. Understanding humidity is essential for meteorologists to predict weather patterns accurately.

A horseshoe vortex is a type of vortex that forms in fluid mechanics, including atmospheric flows. It is characterized by a pair of counter-rotating vortices that are shaped like a horseshoe. These vortices can occur in a variety of settings, from the atmosphere to the ocean, and are important in understanding the dynamics of fluid…

A hamsin, also known as a khamsin, is a hot, dry, and dusty wind that blows across the Middle East and North Africa. This meteorological phenomenon can last for several days and can cause respiratory problems and other health issues. Understanding the hamsin’s effects and how to prepare for it is important for those living…

A hook echo is a weather radar signature that indicates the possible presence of a tornado in thunderstorms. It appears as a hook-shaped extension from the main reflectivity pattern, caused by the rotation of the air around the storm’s updraft. Understanding this meteorological phenomenon is crucial for effective tornado forecasting and warning.

A chamsin is a dry, hot, and dusty wind that originates in North Africa and blows across the Middle East. This meteorological phenomenon can cause various health issues and impact agriculture and transportation.

A hodograph is a graphical representation of wind direction and speed at different heights in the atmosphere. It is a valuable tool for meteorologists to analyze atmospheric stability and predict severe weather events.

A high-pressure area is a weather phenomenon characterized by a region of atmospheric air pressure that is higher than its surrounding areas. It typically indicates clear, dry weather conditions and stable air.

A Khamsin is a hot, dry and dusty wind that blows from the Sahara Desert into parts of the Middle East. It is a meteorological phenomenon that can cause discomfort and even health hazards for those in its path. In this article, we will explore the origins of the Khamsin, its effects on the environment…

Helicity is a measure of the potential for atmospheric rotation. It plays a crucial role in forecasting severe weather events.

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is a complex meteorological phenomenon that occurs when two fluid layers with different velocities slide past each other. This instability can result in the formation of striking wave patterns that can be observed in the atmosphere, the ocean, and even in some astronomical objects. In this article, we will delve deeper into…

A Heavy Snow Warning is a weather advisory that signals the likelihood of significant snowfall, which can cause hazardous road conditions and power outages. It is issued by the National Weather Service when snow accumulations exceed six inches within 12 hours or eight inches within 24 hours. Residents in affected areas are advised to stay…

The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic temperature scale.

A heat wave is a prolonged, extreme period of hot weather that is accompanied by high humidity and can be hazardous to human health.

What is Heat Lightning? Heat lightning is a weather phenomenon that occurs during hot summer nights. The term “heat lightning” is used to describe flashes of lightning that occur in the distance but are not accompanied by thunder. These flashes are caused by lightning strikes that occur too far away for the sound of thunder…

A drainage wind is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when cool air flows downhill, usually at night, due to the cooling of the ground. In this article, we will explore the science behind this process and its effects on local weather patterns.

The heat index (HI) is a measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature.

A heat burst is a rare but intense meteorological event that produces a sudden and drastic increase in temperature, with gusty winds and low humidity. It usually occurs at night and is caused by a release of dry, hot air from a thunderstorm.

Katabatic winds are downslope winds that occur due to gravity. They can have significant impacts on weather and climate in certain regions.

A Hazardous Seas Watch is a marine weather alert issued by the National Weather Service when dangerous wave conditions are possible. It’s essential for mariners to be aware of this alert and take necessary precautions to avoid hazardous seas.

George’s Index is a meteorological term used to measure the severity of winter weather in the UK. It takes into account both temperature and precipitation data to provide a comprehensive picture of the conditions. The index was developed by climatologist William George in the 1990s and remains a valuable tool for forecasting and understanding winter…

A heat dome is a persistent high-pressure system that traps hot air beneath it. This can lead to prolonged periods of extreme heat and drought.

A kata-front is a rare meteorological event that occurs when a cold front moves into a region already experiencing strong winds. This unique phenomenon can have significant impacts on weather patterns and is of great interest to meteorologists. Understanding the mechanics of a kata-front is critical for predicting and preparing for severe weather events.

A haze is an atmospheric phenomenon characterized by the presence of fine particles, which reduce visibility and create a whitish or bluish veil. This is caused by natural events such as wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and dust storms, as well as human activities such as industrial emissions and vehicular traffic. Haze can have significant impacts on…

A Hazardous Seas Warning is a meteorological alert that is issued when sea conditions become hazardous for small boats and vessels.

The K-index is a measure of the instability of the atmosphere, used in meteorology to predict the likelihood of severe weather events.

A Harmattan is a dry and dusty trade wind that blows across West Africa from the Sahara Desert. It is a weather phenomenon that occurs between November and March, and it often affects the region’s economy, health, and environment. The following article will explain what a Harmattan is, its causes, effects, and how to prepare…

The jet stream core is a narrow band of strong winds that circle the earth at high altitudes. It plays a vital role in shaping weather patterns and impacts aviation and other industries. Understanding the mechanics of the jet stream core is crucial for weather forecasting and predicting climate variability.

A jet maximum is a peak in the horizontal wind speed of the jet stream. It is an important feature in meteorology, affecting weather patterns and air traffic management. Understanding jet maximums can help us predict and prepare for severe weather events.

What Is Hard Rime? Hard rime is a type of icy precipitation that forms when supercooled water droplets freeze instantly upon contact with a surface, creating a thick, rough layer of ice. This phenomenon can occur in cold, windy conditions, and is often seen in mountainous regions or on exposed surfaces such as tree branches,…

A jet streak is a narrow, high-speed wind current found within the jet stream. It plays a crucial role in weather patterns and forecasting. Understanding the dynamics of jet streaks is essential for meteorologists to accurately predict weather events.

A halo is an optical phenomenon that appears as a bright ring around the sun or moon. It is caused by the refraction and reflection of light by ice crystals in the atmosphere.

The jet stream is a fast-moving, high-altitude air current that plays a crucial role in weather patterns around the globe. Understanding its behavior is essential for meteorologists to make accurate weather forecasts.

A canyon wind is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when cold air flows down from high elevations into lower elevations through canyons, creating a wind tunnel effect.

A hailstorm is a type of severe weather that produces large, icy pellets called hailstones. They are formed in strong thunderstorms with powerful updrafts and can cause significant damage to property and crops. Understanding the formation and behavior of hailstorms is important for forecasting and mitigating their impact.

The Haines Index is a meteorological tool that measures the potential for wildfire growth and intensity. It takes into account atmospheric stability, temperature, and moisture to provide a numerical value that indicates the likelihood of fire conditions. This index is used by fire management agencies to help predict wildfire activity and plan firefighting strategies. Understanding…

A jet-effect wind is a strong wind that forms due to the interaction between pressure systems and high-altitude jets. It can have significant impacts on transportation, aviation, and weather patterns. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for meteorologists and atmospheric scientists.

Hail is a type of precipitation that forms in thunderstorms. It consists of small balls of ice that can range in size from pea-sized to golf ball-sized. Hail can cause damage to crops, vehicles, and buildings, and can be dangerous to people caught in a hailstorm. Understanding hail and its formation is important for meteorologists…

Irisation is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when light is refracted through a cloud of ice crystals, causing a rainbow-like effect to appear. This optical display can be seen in high-altitude clouds such as cirrus, and is often observed by pilots and skywatchers. Understanding the science behind irisation can help us better predict atmospheric conditions…

A Hadley cell is a global-scale atmospheric circulation pattern that plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s climate. Beginning at the equator, warm, moist air rises and travels towards the poles, creating distinct weather patterns and driving ocean currents. Understanding the mechanics of Hadley cells is essential to predicting climate change and weather patterns…

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a region of low pressure near the equator where the trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge. This convergence leads to rising air, thunderstorms, and heavy rainfall. The exact location of the ITCZ varies throughout the year, but it generally moves north and south with the seasons.…

A haboob is a type of intense dust storm that can occur in arid regions around the world. These storms are caused by strong winds that pick up and carry large quantities of dust and sand, reducing visibility and posing significant risks to human health and safety. Understanding the causes and effects of haboobs is…

A gustnado is a small, short-lived tornado that forms along the leading edge of a thunderstorm gust front. It is typically weaker than a traditional tornado and can cause localized damage. Understanding gustnados can help meteorologists better predict severe weather events.

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a model that describes how the temperature, pressure, density, and other properties of the Earth’s atmosphere change with altitude. This model is used as a reference point for aviation, meteorology, and other related fields.

A gust front is a boundary formed by the leading edge of a thunderstorm’s outflow. It can cause sudden wind shifts and drops in temperature, and may produce strong winds and heavy rain. Understanding gust fronts is crucial for predicting severe weather and ensuring safety.

Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) is a set of aviation regulations that dictate how pilots should operate aircraft when flying in challenging weather conditions.

Inflow refers to the horizontal movement of air into a particular area, often associated with thunderstorms and severe weather events. Understanding inflow is crucial for meteorologists to accurately predict the onset and behavior of these weather phenomena.

A gust is a sudden increase in wind speed that can occur in almost any weather condition. These bursts of wind can be dangerous and have the potential to cause damage, especially to structures and trees. Understanding what causes gusts and how to prepare for them is important for anyone who spends time outdoors.

An Indian summer is a period of unusually warm and dry weather in autumn, typically occurring in late September to mid-November. This weather phenomenon is a result of high pressure systems that prevent cold air from moving south, leading to an extended period of warm and sunny days.

Ground truth refers to the collection of accurate and precise data on weather conditions through physical measurements. This information is used to calibrate and verify weather models, improving their accuracy and reliability.

An incus is a small bone in the middle ear that plays a crucial role in hearing. It is also known as the anvil due to its shape resembling the blacksmith’s tool. Understanding its function is vital for diagnosing hearing loss and developing treatment plans.

What Is Grease Ice? Grease ice is a term used in meteorology to describe a thin film of ice crystals that forms on the surface of water in extremely cold conditions. It is named after its resemblance to a layer of grease or oil on the water’s surface. Grease ice can be an important indicator…

A ground blizzard occurs when snow is blown by strong winds, creating whiteout conditions and reducing visibility to near zero. This article explains what causes ground blizzards and how they differ from regular blizzards.

A green flash is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs just before sunrise or after sunset. It is a rare optical illusion that causes a small green flash to appear on the horizon. The green flash is caused by refraction of the sun’s light through the Earth’s atmosphere. It is a fascinating phenomenon that has been…

An icicle is a natural formation of ice that hangs from the edge of a roof, tree branch, or other object. It is formed by the freezing and thawing of water droplets as they flow over a surface. Despite their beauty, icicles can pose a danger to people and property if they become too large…

An ice storm is a type of winter storm that can bring dangerous conditions. It occurs when rain falls and freezes on contact with surfaces that are below freezing temperatures, creating a layer of ice that can cause power outages, damage to trees and buildings, and hazardous driving conditions. Understanding the potential risks and taking…

The Great Salt Lake Effect is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs in Utah due to cold air moving over the warm surface of the Great Salt Lake. This creates a localized area of heavy snowfall, affecting nearby cities and transportation routes.

An ice spike is a phenomenon that occurs when water freezes in a container, creating a pointed column of ice. Despite being a rare occurrence, scientists have studied it to better understand the physics behind the process.

Graupel, also known as soft hail, is a type of precipitation that forms when supercooled water droplets freeze onto falling snowflakes.

Ice Pellets: A Brief Explanation Ice pellets, also known as sleet, are a type of precipitation that consists of small, translucent balls of ice. They are formed when raindrops or snowflakes fall through a layer of freezing air near the ground, causing them to partially melt before refreezing into small pellets. Unlike hail, which is…

GPS meteorology combines GPS technology with atmospheric science to improve weather forecasting accuracy.

Ice fog is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs in extremely cold temperatures, causing water droplets in the air to freeze and create a fog-like appearance. This article will delve deeper into what ice fog is, how it forms, and its potential hazards.

A glaze is a thin layer of ice that forms on surfaces such as trees, power lines, and cars during freezing rain events. It can cause hazardous conditions for travel and infrastructure.

Ice crystals are tiny particles of frozen water that play a crucial role in the formation of clouds and precipitation. These microscopic structures are often referred to as the building blocks of snowflakes, hailstones, and other types of frozen precipitation. Understanding the physics of ice crystal formation is essential for meteorologists and climatologists, as it…

A geostrophic wind is a type of wind that occurs when the Coriolis force balances the pressure gradient force. It is important in meteorology because it helps to explain the movement of air masses in the atmosphere.

Ice accretion indicators are an essential tool for pilots and meteorologists during the winter months. These devices provide valuable information about the amount and type of ice formation on aircraft surfaces, which can help prevent dangerous situations in flight. Understanding how to interpret and use these indicators is critical for safe aviation operations in cold…

Geopotential height is a key concept in meteorology that is used to understand atmospheric pressure patterns and weather systems.

An iceberg is a large piece of ice that has broken off from a glacier or ice shelf and float in the ocean.

General circulation refers to the large-scale movement of the atmosphere and ocean. It plays a crucial role in determining global weather patterns and climate.

Ice is a solid form of water that forms when liquid water freezes. It is an important element in meteorology, as it plays a role in weather patterns and climate change. This article explores the science behind ice and its various properties.

What Is a Gap Wind? A gap wind is a type of wind that occurs through a gap or pass in a mountain range. As air moves through the gap, it is compressed and accelerates, creating strong, gusty winds. These winds can be dangerous for aviation and outdoor activities, but they can also provide energy…

A funnel cloud is a rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground. Although it is not always visible, it can be a sign of a potentially dangerous tornado. Knowing the characteristics of funnel clouds and how to stay safe when one is spotted is crucial for those living in…

A gale warning is a meteorological warning issued by the National Weather Service indicating that sustained winds or frequent gusts of 39 to 54 mph are expected or occurring. It is important to take appropriate precautions when a gale warning is in effect to ensure your safety.

The Fujita Scale is a widely-used gauge to measure the intensity of tornadoes. Developed by Ted Fujita in 1971, it ranges from F0 to F5.

A gale is a strong wind of 39-54 mph that can cause damage and disruption to infrastructure and transportation. Understanding this weather phenomenon is crucial for safety and disaster preparedness.

Frost is a meteorological condition that occurs when the air temperature drops below freezing and causes water vapor to freeze onto surfaces. This article will explain the science behind frost formation